Type Hierarchy

Let's look at the types PolyChaos provides. There are four AbstractTypes: AbstractMeasure, AbstractOrthoPoly, AbstractQuad, and AbstractTensor. AbstractMeasure is the core on which AbstractOrthoPoly builds, on which AbstractQuad builds, which is then used by AbstractTensor.

AbstractMeasure

The type tree for AbstractMeasure looks as follows

julia> using AbstractTrees, PolyChaos

julia> AbstractTrees.children(x::Type) = subtypes(x)

julia> print_tree(AbstractMeasure)
AbstractMeasure
├─ AbstractCanonicalMeasure
│  ├─ Beta01Measure
│  ├─ GammaMeasure
│  ├─ GaussMeasure
│  ├─ HermiteMeasure
│  ├─ JacobiMeasure
│  ├─ LaguerreMeasure
│  ├─ LegendreMeasure
│  ├─ LogisticMeasure
│  ├─ MeixnerPollaczekMeasure
│  ├─ Uniform01Measure
│  ├─ Uniform_11Measure
│  ├─ genHermiteMeasure
│  └─ genLaguerreMeasure
├─ Measure
└─ ProductMeasure

There are several canonical measures that PolyChaos provides, all gathered in as subtypes of AbstractCanonicalMeasure. The Measure type is a generic measure, and ProductMeasure has an obvious meaning.

What are the relevant fields?

Measure

It all begins with a measure, more specifically, absolutely continuous measures. What are the fields of such a type Measure?

They are a name, a weight function $w: \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ with domain $\Omega$ (dom). If the weight function is symmetric relative to some $m \in \Omega$, the field symmetric should be set to true. Symmetry relative to $m$ means that

\[\forall x \in \Omega: \quad w(m-x) = w(m+x).\]

For example, the Gaussian probability density

\[w(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \mathrm{e}^{-x^2/2}\]

is symmetric relative to the origin $m=0$. If the weight function has any parameters, then they are stored in the dictionary pars. For example, the probability density of the Beta distribution on $\Omega = [0,1]$ has two positive shape parameters $\alpha, \beta > 0$

\[w(x) = \frac{1}{B(\alpha,\beta)} x^{\alpha-1} (1-x)^{\beta-1}.\]

This tutorial shows the above in action.

ProductMeasure

So far, everything was univariate, the weight of the measure was mapping real numbers to real numbers. PolyChaos can handle product measures too. Let's assume the weight function is a product of two independent Gaussian densities

\[w: \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}, \quad w(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \mathrm{e}^{x_1^2/2} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \mathrm{e}^{x_2^2/2}.\]

The type ProductMeasure serves this purpose, with its straightforward fields

This tutorial shows the above in action.

Canonical Measures

Canonical measures are special, because we know their orthogonal polynomials. That is why several canonical measures are pre-defined in PolyChaos. Some of them may require additional parameters. (alphabetical order)

Beta01Measure

GammaMeasure

GaussMeasure

HermiteMeasure

JacobiMeasure

LaguerreMeasure

LegendreMeasure

LogisticMeasure

MeixnerPollaczekMeasure

Uniform01Measure

Uniform_11Measure

genHermiteMeasure

genLaguerreMeasure

AbstractOrthoPoly

Orthogonal polynomials are at the heart of PolyChaos. The type tree for AbstractOrthoPoly looks as follows

julia> print_tree(AbstractOrthoPoly)
AbstractOrthoPoly
├─ AbstractCanonicalOrthoPoly
│  ├─ Beta01OrthoPoly
│  ├─ GammaOrthoPoly
│  ├─ GaussOrthoPoly
│  ├─ HermiteOrthoPoly
│  ├─ JacobiOrthoPoly
│  ├─ LaguerreOrthoPoly
│  ├─ LegendreOrthoPoly
│  ├─ LogisticOrthoPoly
│  ├─ MeixnerPollaczekOrthoPoly
│  ├─ Uniform01OrthoPoly
│  ├─ Uniform_11OrthoPoly
│  ├─ genHermiteOrthoPoly
│  └─ genLaguerreOrthoPoly
├─ MultiOrthoPoly
└─ OrthoPoly

It mirrors the type tree from AbstractMeasure: there is a generic (univariate) type OrthoPoly, a multivariate extension MultiOrthoPoly for product measures, and several univariate canonical orthogonal polynomials.

OrthoPoly

Given an absolutely continuous measure, we are wondering what are the monic polynomials $\phi_i: \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ that are orthogonal relative to this very measure? Mathematically this reads

\[\langle \phi_i, \phi_j \rangle = \int_{\Omega} \phi_i(t) \phi_j(t) w(t) \mathrm{d}t = \begin{cases} > 0, & i=j \\ = 0, & i\neq j. \end{cases}\]

They can be constructed using the type OrthoPoly, which has the fields

The purpose of name is obvious. The integer deg stands for the maximum degree of the polynomials. Rather than storing the polynomials $\phi_i$ themselves, we store the recurrence coefficients α, β that characterize the system of orthogonal polynomials. These recurrence coefficients are the single most important piece of information for the orthogonal polynomials. For several common measures, there exist analytic formulae. These are built-in to PolyChaos and should be used whenever possible.

This tutorial shows the above in action.

MultiOrthoPoly

Just as we did in the univariate case, we use ProductMeasure as a building block for multivariate orthogonal polynomials. The type MultiOrthoPoly combines product measures with the respective orthogonal polynomials and their quadrature rules. Its fields are

The names of the univariate bases are stored in names; the maximum degree of the basis is deg; the overall dimension of the multivariate basis is dim; the multi-index ind maps the $j$-th multivariate basis to the elements of the univariate bases; the product measure is stored in meas; finally, all univariate bases are collected in uni.

This tutorial shows the above in action.

AbstractCanonicalOrthoPoly

These are the bread-and-butter polynomials: polynomials for which we know analytic formulae for the recursion coefficients. The following canonical orthogonal polynomials are implemented

julia> print_tree(AbstractCanonicalOrthoPoly)
AbstractCanonicalOrthoPoly
├─ Beta01OrthoPoly
├─ GammaOrthoPoly
├─ GaussOrthoPoly
├─ HermiteOrthoPoly
├─ JacobiOrthoPoly
├─ LaguerreOrthoPoly
├─ LegendreOrthoPoly
├─ LogisticOrthoPoly
├─ MeixnerPollaczekOrthoPoly
├─ Uniform01OrthoPoly
├─ Uniform_11OrthoPoly
├─ genHermiteOrthoPoly
└─ genLaguerreOrthoPoly

Their fields follow

Quad

Quadrature rules are intricately related to orthogonal polynomials. An $n$-point quadrature rule is a pair of so-called nodes $t_k$ and weights $w_k$ for $k=1,\dots,n$ that allow to solve integrals relative to the measure

\[\int_\Omega f(t) w(t) \mathrm{d} t \approx \sum_{k=1}^n w_k f(t_k).\]

If the integrand $f$ is polynomial, then the specific Gauss quadrature rules possess the remarkable property that an $n$-point quadrature rule can integrate polynomial integrands $f$ of degree at most $2n-1$exactly; no approximation error is made.

The fields of Quad are

with obvious meanings.

PolyChaos provides the type EmptyQuad that is added in case no quadrature rule is desired.

This tutorial shows the above in action.

Tensor

The last type we need to address is Tensor. It is used to store the results of scalar products. Its fields are

The dimension$m$ of the tensor is the number of terms that appear in the scalar product. Let's assume we set $m = 3$, hence have $\langle \phi_{i} \phi_{j}, \phi_{k} \rangle$, then the concrete entry is obtained as Tensor.get([i,j,k]).

This tutorial shows the above in action.