# Solving ODEs with Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs)

Note

It is highly recommended you first read the solving ordinary differential equations with DifferentialEquations.jl tutorial before reading this tutorials.

This tutorial is an introduction to using physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In contrast to the later parts of this documentation which use the symbolic interface, here we will focus on the simplified NNODE which uses the ODEProblem specification for the ODE. Mathematically the ODEProblem defines a problem:

$$$u' = f(u,p,t)$$$

for $t \in (t_0,t_f)$ with an initial condition $u(t_0) = u_0$. With physics-informed neural networks, we choose a neural network architecture NN to represent the solution u and seek to find parameters p such that NN' = f(NN,p,t) for all points in the domain. When this is satisfied sufficiently closely, then NN is thus a solution to the differential equation.

## Solving an ODE with NNODE

Let's solve the simple ODE:

$$$u' = \cos(2\pi t)$$$

for $t \in (0,1)$ and $u_0 = 0$ with NNODE. First we define the ODEProblem as we would with any other DifferentialEquations.jl solver. This looks like:

using NeuralPDE, Flux, OptimizationOptimisers

linear(u, p, t) = cos(2pi * t)
tspan = (0.0f0, 1.0f0)
u0 = 0.0f0
prob = ODEProblem(linear, u0, tspan)

Now, to define the NNODE solver, we must choose a neural network architecture. To do this, we will use the Flux.jl library to define a multilayer perceptron (MLP) with one hidden layer of 5 nodes and a sigmoid activation function. This looks like:

chain = Flux.Chain(Dense(1, 5, σ), Dense(5, 1))

Now we must choose an optimizer to define the NNODE solver. A common choice is ADAM, with a tunable rate parameter which we will set to 0.1. In general, this rate parameter should be decreased if the solver's loss tends to be unsteady (sometimes rise "too much"), but should be as large as possible for efficnecy. Thus the definition of the NNODE solver is as follows:

opt = OptimizationOptimisers.Adam(0.1)
alg = NeuralPDE.NNODE(chain, opt)

Once these pieces are together, we call solve just like with any other ODEProblem solver. Let's turn on verbose so we can see the loss over time during the training process:

sol = solve(prob, NeuralPDE.NNODE(chain, opt), verbose=true, abstol=1f-6, maxiters=200)

And that's it: the neural network solution was computed by training the neural network and returned in the standard DifferentialEquations.jl ODESolution format. For more information on handling the solution, consult the DifferentialEquations.jl solution handling section