Benchmarking Variable Rate Aggregator

using DiffEqBase, Catalyst, JumpProcesses, OrdinaryDiffEq, StochasticDiffEq
using Random, LinearSolve, StableRNGs, BenchmarkTools, Plots, LinearAlgebra
fmt = :png
width_px, height_px = default(:size)
rng = StableRNG(12345)
StableRNGs.LehmerRNG(state=0x00000000000000000000000000006073)

Introduction

This document benchmarks the performance of variable rate jumps in JumpProcesses.jl, comparing the VR_Direct, VR_DirectFW, and VR_FRM aggregators for variable rate jumps.

The test cases are:

  1. Scalar ODE with Variable Rate Jumps: Solved with Tsit5 and Rosenbrock23 (autodiff).
  2. Complex ODE with Variable Rate Jump: Solved with Tsit5.
  3. DNA Gene Model: ODE with 10 variable rate jumps from the RSSA paper, solved with Tsit5.
  4. Negative Feedback Gene Expression: Variable rate jumps solved with Tsit5, from Marchetti et al. (2017).

For benchmarking, we vary the number of jumps from 1 to 20 for Tests 1 and 2 and use a fixed number of jumps for Test 3 (10) and Test 4 (8), running 50 trajectories. Benchmarking saves only at the final time with save_positions=(false, false).

Benchmark and Plot Test 1

We benchmark Test 1 for 1 to 20 jumps, running 50 trajectories, and plot mean execution times as a line plot.

let
    algorithms = Tuple{Any, Any, String, String}[
        (VR_Direct(), Tsit5(), "VR_Direct", "Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_Direct)"),
        (VR_DirectFW(), Tsit5(), "VR_DirectFW", "Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW)"),
        (VR_FRM(), Tsit5(), "VR_FRM", "Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_FRM)"),
        (VR_Direct(), Rosenbrock23(), "VR_Direct", "Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_Direct)"),
        (VR_DirectFW(), Rosenbrock23(), "VR_DirectFW", "Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_DirectFW)"),
        (VR_FRM(), Rosenbrock23(), "VR_FRM", "Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_FRM)"),
    ]

    function create_test1_problem(num_jumps, vr_aggregator, solver)
        f = (du, u, p, t) -> (du[1] = u[1])
        prob = ODEProblem(f, [0.2], (0.0, 10.0))
        jumps = [VariableRateJump((u, p, t) -> u[1], (integrator) -> (integrator.u[1] = integrator.u[1] / 2.0); interp_points=20) for _ in 1:num_jumps]
        jump_prob = JumpProblem(prob, Direct(), jumps...; vr_aggregator=vr_aggregator, rng=rng, save_positions=(false, false))
        ensemble_prob = EnsembleProblem(jump_prob)
        return ensemble_prob, jump_prob
    end

    num_jumps_range = append!([1], 5:5:20)
    bs = Vector{Vector{BenchmarkTools.Trial}}()
    errors = Dict{String, Vector{String}}()

    for (algo, stepper, agg_name, label) in algorithms
        @info "Benchmarking $label"
        push!(bs, Vector{BenchmarkTools.Trial}())
        errors[label] = String[]
        _bs = bs[end]
        for var in num_jumps_range
            ensemble_prob, jump_prob = create_test1_problem(var, algo, stepper)
            trial = try
                @benchmark(
                    solve($jump_prob, $stepper, saveat=[$jump_prob.prob.tspan[2]]),
                    samples=50,
                    evals=1,
                    seconds=100
                )
            catch e
                push!(errors[label], "Error at Num Jumps = $var: $(sprint(showerror, e))")
                BenchmarkTools.Trial(BenchmarkTools.Parameters(samples=50, evals=1, seconds=100))
            end
            push!(_bs, trial)
            mean_time = length(trial) > 0 ? "$(BenchmarkTools.prettytime(mean(trial.times)))" : "nan"
            println("algo=$label, Num Jumps = $var, length = $(length(trial.times)), mean time = $mean_time")
        end
    end

    # Log errors
    for (label, err_list) in errors
        if !isempty(err_list)
            @warn "Errors for $label:"
            for err in err_list
                println(err)
            end
        end
    end

    # Plot results
    fig = plot(
        yscale=:log10,
        xlabel="Number of Jumps",
        ylabel="Time (ns)",
        legend_position=:outertopright,
        title="Test 1: Simulations, 50 samples"
    )
    for (i, (algo, stepper, agg_name, label)) in enumerate(algorithms)
        _bs, _vars = [], []
        for (j, b) in enumerate(bs[i])
            if length(b) == 50
                push!(_bs, mean(b.times))
                push!(_vars, num_jumps_range[j])
            end
        end
        if !isempty(_bs)
            plot!(_vars, _bs, label=label)
        else
            @warn "No valid data for $label in Test 1"
        end
    end
    display(plot(fig, layout=(1, 1), format=fmt, size=(width_px, height_px)))
end
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 1, length = 50, mean time = 137.
690 μs
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 5, length = 50, mean time = 152.
699 μs
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 10, length = 50, mean time = 169
.023 μs
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 15, length = 50, mean time = 170
.835 μs
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 20, length = 50, mean time = 196
.389 μs
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 1, length = 50, mean time = 16
3.329 μs
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 5, length = 50, mean time = 23
5.684 μs
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 10, length = 50, mean time = 3
24.002 μs
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 15, length = 50, mean time = 4
18.490 μs
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 20, length = 50, mean time = 4
99.062 μs
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 1, length = 50, mean time = 180.745
 μs
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 5, length = 50, mean time = 660.600
 μs
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 10, length = 50, mean time = 1.448 
ms
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 15, length = 50, mean time = 2.385 
ms
algo=Test 1 Tsit5 (VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 20, length = 50, mean time = 3.570 
ms
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 1, length = 50,
 mean time = 241.615 μs
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 5, length = 50,
 mean time = 318.209 μs
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 10, length = 50
, mean time = 278.782 μs
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 15, length = 50
, mean time = 292.455 μs
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 20, length = 50
, mean time = 314.673 μs
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 1, length = 5
0, mean time = 298.060 μs
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 5, length = 5
0, mean time = 433.248 μs
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 10, length = 
50, mean time = 621.597 μs
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 15, length = 
50, mean time = 808.563 μs
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 20, length = 
50, mean time = 974.370 μs
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 1, length = 50, me
an time = 379.978 μs
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 5, length = 50, me
an time = 1.011 ms
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 10, length = 50, m
ean time = 1.878 ms
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 15, length = 50, m
ean time = 2.852 ms
algo=Test 1 Rosenbrock23 (autodiff, VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 20, length = 50, m
ean time = 4.011 ms

Benchmark and Plot Test 2

We benchmark Test 2 for 1 to 20 jumps, running 50 trajectories, and plot mean execution times as a line plot.

let
    algorithms = Tuple{Any, Any, String, String}[
        (VR_Direct(), Tsit5(), "VR_Direct", "Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_Direct)"),
        (VR_DirectFW(), Tsit5(), "VR_DirectFW", "Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW)"),
        (VR_FRM(), Tsit5(), "VR_FRM", "Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_FRM)"),
    ]

    function create_test2_problem(num_jumps, vr_aggregator, solver)
        f4 = (dx, x, p, t) -> (dx[1] = x[1])
        rate4 = (x, p, t) -> t
        affect4! = (integrator) -> (integrator.u[1] = integrator.u[1] * 0.5)
        prob = ODEProblem(f4, [1.0 + 0.0im], (0.0, 6.0))
        jumps = [VariableRateJump(rate4, affect4!) for _ in 1:num_jumps]
        jump_prob = JumpProblem(prob, Direct(), jumps...; vr_aggregator=vr_aggregator, rng=rng, save_positions=(false, false))
        ensemble_prob = EnsembleProblem(jump_prob)
        return ensemble_prob, jump_prob
    end

    num_jumps_range = append!([1], 5:5:20)
    bs = Vector{Vector{BenchmarkTools.Trial}}()
    errors = Dict{String, Vector{String}}()

    for (algo, stepper, agg_name, label) in algorithms
        @info "Benchmarking $label"
        push!(bs, Vector{BenchmarkTools.Trial}())
        errors[label] = String[]
        _bs = bs[end]
        for var in num_jumps_range
            ensemble_prob, jump_prob = create_test2_problem(var, algo, stepper)
            trial = try
                @benchmark(
                    solve($jump_prob, $stepper, saveat=[$jump_prob.prob.tspan[2]]),
                    samples=50,
                    evals=1,
                    seconds=100
                )
            catch e
                push!(errors[label], "Error at Num Jumps = $var: $(sprint(showerror, e))")
                BenchmarkTools.Trial(BenchmarkTools.Parameters(samples=50, evals=1, seconds=100))
            end
            push!(_bs, trial)
            mean_time = length(trial) > 0 ? "$(BenchmarkTools.prettytime(mean(trial.times)))" : "nan"
            println("algo=$label, Num Jumps = $var, length = $(length(trial.times)), mean time = $mean_time")
        end
    end

    # Log errors
    for (label, err_list) in errors
        if !isempty(err_list)
            @warn "Errors for $label:"
            for err in err_list
                println(err)
            end
        end
    end

    # Plot results
    fig = plot(
        yscale=:log10,
        xlabel="Number of Jumps",
        ylabel="Time (ns)",
        legend_position=:outertopright,
        title="Test 2: Simulations, 50 samples"
    )
    for (i, (algo, stepper, agg_name, label)) in enumerate(algorithms)
        _bs, _vars = [], []
        for (j, b) in enumerate(bs[i])
            if length(b) == 50
                push!(_bs, mean(b.times))
                push!(_vars, num_jumps_range[j])
            end
        end
        if !isempty(_bs)
            plot!(_vars, _bs, label=label)
        else
            @warn "No valid data for $label in Test 2"
        end
    end
    display(plot(fig, layout=(1, 1), format=fmt, size=(width_px, height_px)))
end
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 1, length = 50, mean time = 132.
579 μs
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 5, length = 50, mean time = 468.
060 μs
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 10, length = 50, mean time = 898
.817 μs
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 15, length = 50, mean time = 1.4
13 ms
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_Direct), Num Jumps = 20, length = 50, mean time = 1.8
56 ms
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 1, length = 50, mean time = 17
4.360 μs
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 5, length = 50, mean time = 79
9.879 μs
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 10, length = 50, mean time = 2
.051 ms
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 15, length = 50, mean time = 3
.959 ms
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW), Num Jumps = 20, length = 50, mean time = 6
.155 ms
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 1, length = 50, mean time = 181.273
 μs
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 5, length = 50, mean time = 1.578 m
s
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 10, length = 50, mean time = 6.093 
ms
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 15, length = 50, mean time = 14.118
 ms
algo=Test 2 Tsit5 (VR_FRM), Num Jumps = 20, length = 50, mean time = 27.447
 ms

Benchmark and Plot Test 3

We benchmark Test 3 for fixed 10 jumps, running 50 trajectories, and plot mean execution times as a bar plot.

let
    algorithms = Tuple{Any, Any, String, String}[
        (VR_Direct(), Tsit5(), "VR_Direct", "Test 3 Tsit5 (VR_Direct, DNA Model)"),
        (VR_DirectFW(), Tsit5(), "VR_DirectFW", "Test 3 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW, DNA Model)"),
        (VR_FRM(), Tsit5(), "VR_FRM", "Test 3 Tsit5 (VR_FRM, DNA Model)"),
    ]

    function create_test3_problem(num_jumps, vr_aggregator, solver)
        r = [0.043, 0.0007, 0.0715, 0.0039, 0.0199, 0.4791, 0.00019, 0.8765, 0.083, 0.5]
        k = -log(2) / 30
        u0 = [10.0, 10.0, 30.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]  # [DNA, M, D, RNA, DNAD, DNA2D]
        tspan = (0.0, 120.0)
        
        function f_dna(du, u, p, t)
            du .= 0.0
            nothing
        end
        
        function rate1(u, p, t) r[1] * u[4] end
        function affect1!(integrator) integrator.u[2] += 1; nothing end
        jump1 = VariableRateJump(rate1, affect1!)
        
        function rate2(u, p, t) r[2] * u[2] end
        function affect2!(integrator) integrator.u[2] -= 1; nothing end
        jump2 = VariableRateJump(rate2, affect2!)
        
        function rate3(u, p, t) r[3] * u[5] end
        function affect3!(integrator) integrator.u[4] += 1; nothing end
        jump3 = VariableRateJump(rate3, affect3!)
        
        function rate4(u, p, t) r[4] * u[4] end
        function affect4!(integrator) integrator.u[4] -= 1; nothing end
        jump4 = VariableRateJump(rate4, affect4!)
        
        function rate5(u, p, t) r[5] * exp(k * t) * u[1] * u[3] end
        function affect5!(integrator) integrator.u[1] -= 1; integrator.u[3] -= 1; integrator.u[5] += 1; nothing end
        jump5 = VariableRateJump(rate5, affect5!)
        
        function rate6(u, p, t) r[6] * u[5] end
        function affect6!(integrator) integrator.u[5] -= 1; integrator.u[1] += 1; integrator.u[3] += 1; nothing end
        jump6 = VariableRateJump(rate6, affect6!)
        
        function rate7(u, p, t) r[7] * exp(k * t) * u[5] * u[3] end
        function affect7!(integrator) integrator.u[5] -= 1; integrator.u[3] -= 1; integrator.u[6] += 1; nothing end
        jump7 = VariableRateJump(rate7, affect7!)
        
        function rate8(u, p, t) r[8] * u[6] end
        function affect8!(integrator) integrator.u[6] -= 1; integrator.u[1] += 1; integrator.u[3] += 1; nothing end
        jump8 = VariableRateJump(rate8, affect8!)
        
        function rate9(u, p, t) r[9] * exp(k * t) * u[2] * (u[2] - 1) / 2 end
        function affect9!(integrator) integrator.u[2] -= 2; integrator.u[3] += 1; nothing end
        jump9 = VariableRateJump(rate9, affect9!)
        
        function rate10(u, p, t) r[10] * u[3] end
        function affect10!(integrator) integrator.u[3] -= 1; integrator.u[2] += 2; nothing end
        jump10 = VariableRateJump(rate10, affect10!)
        
        prob = ODEProblem(f_dna, u0, tspan)
        jumps = (jump1, jump2, jump3, jump4, jump5, jump6, jump7, jump8, jump9, jump10)
        jump_prob = JumpProblem(prob, Direct(), jumps...; vr_aggregator=vr_aggregator, rng=rng, save_positions=(false, false))
        ensemble_prob = EnsembleProblem(jump_prob)
        return ensemble_prob, jump_prob
    end

    num_jumps_range = [10]
    bs = Vector{Vector{BenchmarkTools.Trial}}()
    errors = Dict{String, Vector{String}}()

    for (algo, stepper, agg_name, label) in algorithms
        @info "Benchmarking $label"
        push!(bs, Vector{BenchmarkTools.Trial}())
        errors[label] = String[]
        _bs = bs[end]
        for var in num_jumps_range
            ensemble_prob, jump_prob = create_test3_problem(var, algo, stepper)
            trial = try
                @benchmark(
                    solve($jump_prob, $stepper, saveat=[$jump_prob.prob.tspan[2]]),
                    samples=50,
                    evals=1,
                    seconds=100
                )
            catch e
                push!(errors[label], "Error at Num Jumps = $var: $(sprint(showerror, e))")
                BenchmarkTools.Trial(BenchmarkTools.Parameters(samples=50, evals=1, seconds=100))
            end
            push!(_bs, trial)
            mean_time = length(trial) > 0 ? "$(BenchmarkTools.prettytime(mean(trial.times)))" : "nan"
            println("algo=$label, Num Jumps = $var, length = $(length(trial.times)), mean time = $mean_time")
        end
    end

    # Log errors
    for (label, err_list) in errors
        if !isempty(err_list)
            @warn "Errors for $label:"
            for err in err_list
                println(err)
            end
        end
    end

    # Plot results
    fig = plot(
        yscale=:log10,
        xlabel="Method",
        ylabel="Time (ns)",
        title="Test 3: DNA Model, 10 Jumps, 50 samples",
        xticks=(1:length(algorithms), [split(a[3], " (")[1] for a in algorithms]),
        xrotation=45
    )
    means = []
    for (i, (algo, stepper, agg_name, label)) in enumerate(algorithms)
        b = bs[i][1]  # Single jump count (10)
        if length(b) == 50
            push!(means, mean(b.times))
        else
            push!(means, NaN)
            @warn "No valid data for $label in Test 3"
        end
    end
    bar!(1:length(algorithms), means, label="", fillalpha=0.7)
    display(plot(fig, layout=(1, 1), format=fmt, size=(width_px, height_px)))
end
algo=Test 3 Tsit5 (VR_Direct, DNA Model), Num Jumps = 10, length = 50, mean
 time = 20.086 ms
algo=Test 3 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW, DNA Model), Num Jumps = 10, length = 50, me
an time = 41.157 ms
algo=Test 3 Tsit5 (VR_FRM, DNA Model), Num Jumps = 10, length = 50, mean ti
me = 132.711 ms

Benchmark and Plot Test 4

We benchmark Test 4 for fixed 8 jumps, running 50 trajectories, and plot mean execution times as a bar plot.

let
    algorithms = Tuple{Any, Any, String, String}[
        #(Direct(), SSAStepper(), "Direct", "Test 4 SSAStepper (Direct, NegFeedback, Constant Rate)"),
        (VR_Direct(), Tsit5(), "VR_Direct", "Test 4 Tsit5 (VR_Direct, NegFeedback, Variable Rate)"),
        (VR_DirectFW(), Tsit5(), "VR_DirectFW", "Test 4 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW, NegFeedback, Variable Rate)"),
        (VR_FRM(), Tsit5(), "VR_FRM", "Test 4 Tsit5 (VR_FRM, NegFeedback, Variable Rate)"),
    ]

    function create_test4_problem(num_jumps, aggregator, solver)
        rn = @reaction_network begin
            c1, G --> G + M
            c2, M --> M + P
            c3, M --> 0
            c4, P --> 0
            c5, 2P --> P2
            c6, P2 --> 2P
            c7, P2 + G --> P2G
            c8, P2G --> P2 + G
        end
        rnpar = [:c1 => 0.09, :c2 => 0.05, :c3 => 0.001, :c4 => 0.0009, :c5 => 0.00001,
                 :c6 => 0.0005, :c7 => 0.005, :c8 => 0.9]
        u0 = [:G => 500, :M => 0, :P => 0, :P2 => 0, :P2G => 0]
        tspan = (0.0, 100.0)

        if aggregator isa Direct
            prob = DiscreteProblem(rn, u0, tspan, rnpar)
            jump_prob = JumpProblem(rn, prob, Direct(), rng=rng, save_positions=(false, false))
            ensemble_prob = EnsembleProblem(jump_prob)
        else
            function f_gene(du, u, p, t)
                du .= 0.0
                nothing
            end
            u0_numeric = [500.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
            p_numeric = [0.09, 0.05, 0.001, 0.0009, 0.00001, 0.0005, 0.005, 0.9]
            var_rate = true
            prob = ODEProblem(f_gene, u0_numeric, tspan, (p_numeric, var_rate))

            function rate1(u, p, t) p[1][1] * (p[2] ? (1 + 0.1 * sin(t)) : 1.0) * u[1] end
            function affect1!(integrator) integrator.u[2] += 1; nothing end
            jump1 = VariableRateJump(rate1, affect1!)

            function rate2(u, p, t) p[1][2] * u[2] end
            function affect2!(integrator) integrator.u[3] += 1; nothing end
            jump2 = VariableRateJump(rate2, affect2!)

            function rate3(u, p, t) p[1][3] * u[2] end
            function affect3!(integrator) integrator.u[2] -= 1; nothing end
            jump3 = VariableRateJump(rate3, affect3!)

            function rate4(u, p, t) p[1][4] * u[3] end
            function affect4!(integrator) integrator.u[3] -= 1; nothing end
            jump4 = VariableRateJump(rate4, affect4!)

            function rate5(u, p, t) p[1][5] * (p[2] ? (1 + 0.1 * cos(t)) : 1.0) * u[3] * (u[3] - 1) / 2 end
            function affect5!(integrator) integrator.u[3] -= 2; integrator.u[4] += 1; nothing end
            jump5 = VariableRateJump(rate5, affect5!)

            function rate6(u, p, t) p[1][6] * u[4] end
            function affect6!(integrator) integrator.u[4] -= 1; integrator.u[3] += 2; nothing end
            jump6 = VariableRateJump(rate6, affect6!)

            function rate7(u, p, t) p[1][7] * u[4] * u[1] end
            function affect7!(integrator) integrator.u[4] -= 1; integrator.u[1] -= 1; integrator.u[5] += 1; nothing end
            jump7 = VariableRateJump(rate7, affect7!)

            function rate8(u, p, t) p[1][8] * u[5] end
            function affect8!(integrator) integrator.u[5] -= 1; integrator.u[4] += 1; integrator.u[1] += 1; nothing end
            jump8 = VariableRateJump(rate8, affect8!)

            jumps = (jump1, jump2, jump3, jump4, jump5, jump6, jump7, jump8)
            jump_prob = JumpProblem(prob, Direct(), jumps...; vr_aggregator=aggregator, rng=rng, save_positions=(false, false))
            ensemble_prob = EnsembleProblem(jump_prob)
        end
        return ensemble_prob, jump_prob
    end

    num_jumps_range = [8]
    bs = Vector{Vector{BenchmarkTools.Trial}}()
    errors = Dict{String, Vector{String}}()

    for (algo, stepper, agg_name, label) in algorithms
        @info "Benchmarking $label"
        push!(bs, Vector{BenchmarkTools.Trial}())
        errors[label] = String[]
        _bs = bs[end]
        for var in num_jumps_range
            ensemble_prob, jump_prob = create_test4_problem(var, algo, stepper)
            trial = try
                @benchmark(
                    solve($jump_prob, $stepper, saveat=[$jump_prob.prob.tspan[2]]),
                    samples=50,
                    evals=1,
                    seconds=1000
                )
            catch e
                push!(errors[label], "Error at Num Jumps = $var: $(sprint(showerror, e))")
                BenchmarkTools.Trial(BenchmarkTools.Parameters(samples=10, evals=1, seconds=1000))
            end
            push!(_bs, trial)
            mean_time = length(trial) > 0 ? "$(BenchmarkTools.prettytime(mean(trial.times)))" : "nan"
            println("algo=$label, Num Jumps = $var, length = $(length(trial.times)), mean time = $mean_time")
        end
    end

    # Log errors
    for (label, err_list) in errors
        if !isempty(err_list)
            @warn "Errors for $label:"
            for err in err_list
                println(err)
            end
        end
    end

    # Plot results
    fig = plot(
        yscale=:log10,
        xlabel="Method",
        ylabel="Time (ns)",
        title="Test 4: NegFeedback, 8 Jumps, 50 samples",
        xticks=(1:length(algorithms), [split(a[3], " (")[1] for a in algorithms]),
        xrotation=45
    )
    means = []
    for (i, (algo, stepper, agg_name, label)) in enumerate(algorithms)
        b = bs[i][1]  # Single jump count (8)
        if length(b) == 50
            push!(means, mean(b.times))
        else
            push!(means, NaN)
            @warn "No valid data for $label in Test 4"
        end
    end
    bar!(1:length(algorithms), means, label="", fillalpha=0.7)
    display(plot(fig, layout=(1, 1), format=fmt, size=(width_px, height_px)))
end
algo=Test 4 Tsit5 (VR_Direct, NegFeedback, Variable Rate), Num Jumps = 8, l
ength = 50, mean time = 357.787 ms
algo=Test 4 Tsit5 (VR_DirectFW, NegFeedback, Variable Rate), Num Jumps = 8,
 length = 50, mean time = 638.580 ms
algo=Test 4 Tsit5 (VR_FRM, NegFeedback, Variable Rate), Num Jumps = 8, leng
th = 50, mean time = 1.579 s

Appendix

These benchmarks are a part of the SciMLBenchmarks.jl repository, found at: https://github.com/SciML/SciMLBenchmarks.jl. For more information on high-performance scientific machine learning, check out the SciML Open Source Software Organization https://sciml.ai.

To locally run this benchmark, do the following commands:

using SciMLBenchmarks
SciMLBenchmarks.weave_file("benchmarks/HybridJumps","VR_Aggregator_Benchmark.jmd")

Computer Information:

Julia Version 1.12.7
Commit 6d172b025e4 (2026-08-15 08:05 UTC)
Build Info:
  Official https://julialang.org release
Platform Info:
  OS: Linux (x86_64-linux-gnu)
  CPU: 128 × AMD EPYC 7502 32-Core Processor
  WORD_SIZE: 64
  LLVM: libLLVM-18.1.7 (ORCJIT, znver2)
  GC: Built with stock GC
Threads: 128 default, 1 interactive, 128 GC (on 128 virtual cores)
Environment:
  JULIA_NUM_THREADS = auto

Package Information:

Status `~/github-runners/amdci3-1/_work/SciMLBenchmarks.jl/SciMLBenchmarks.jl/benchmarks/HybridJumps/Project.toml`
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Info Packages marked with ⌃ and ⌅ have new versions available. Those with ⌃ may be upgradable, but those with ⌅ are restricted by compatibility constraints from upgrading. To see why use `status --outdated`

And the full manifest:

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  [c5fb5394] Xorg_xtrans_jll v1.6.0+0
  [3161d3a3] Zstd_jll v1.5.7+1
  [35ca27e7] eudev_jll v3.2.14+0
⌅ [214eeab7] fzf_jll v0.61.1+0
  [a4ae2306] libaom_jll v3.15.1+0
  [0ac62f75] libass_jll v0.17.5+0
  [1183f4f0] libdecor_jll v0.2.2+0
  [8e53e030] libdrm_jll v2.4.134+0
  [2db6ffa8] libevdev_jll v1.13.4+0
  [f638f0a6] libfdk_aac_jll v2.0.4+0
  [36db933b] libinput_jll v1.28.1+0
⌃ [b53b4c65] libpng_jll v1.6.58+0
  [9a156e7d] libva_jll v2.23.0+0
  [f27f6e37] libvorbis_jll v1.3.8+0
  [009596ad] mtdev_jll v1.1.7+0
  [1317d2d5] oneTBB_jll v2022.3.0+0
⌅ [1270edf5] x264_jll v10164.0.1+0
  [dfaa095f] x265_jll v4.1.0+0
  [d8fb68d0] xkbcommon_jll v1.13.0+0
  [0dad84c5] ArgTools v1.1.2
  [56f22d72] Artifacts v1.11.0
  [2a0f44e3] Base64 v1.11.0
  [ade2ca70] Dates v1.11.0
  [8ba89e20] Distributed v1.11.0
  [f43a241f] Downloads v1.7.0
  [7b1f6079] FileWatching v1.11.0
  [9fa8497b] Future v1.11.0
  [b77e0a4c] InteractiveUtils v1.11.0
  [ac6e5ff7] JuliaSyntaxHighlighting v1.12.0
  [4af54fe1] LazyArtifacts v1.11.0
  [b27032c2] LibCURL v0.6.4
  [76f85450] LibGit2 v1.11.0
  [8f399da3] Libdl v1.11.0
  [37e2e46d] LinearAlgebra v1.12.0
  [56ddb016] Logging v1.11.0
  [d6f4376e] Markdown v1.11.0
  [a63ad114] Mmap v1.11.0
  [ca575930] NetworkOptions v1.3.0
  [44cfe95a] Pkg v1.12.1
  [de0858da] Printf v1.11.0
  [9abbd945] Profile v1.11.0
  [3fa0cd96] REPL v1.11.0
  [9a3f8284] Random v1.11.0
  [ea8e919c] SHA v0.7.0
  [9e88b42a] Serialization v1.11.0
  [1a1011a3] SharedArrays v1.11.0
  [6462fe0b] Sockets v1.11.0
  [2f01184e] SparseArrays v1.12.0
  [f489334b] StyledStrings v1.11.0
  [4607b0f0] SuiteSparse
  [fa267f1f] TOML v1.0.3
  [a4e569a6] Tar v1.10.0
  [8dfed614] Test v1.11.0
  [cf7118a7] UUIDs v1.11.0
  [4ec0a83e] Unicode v1.11.0
  [e66e0078] CompilerSupportLibraries_jll v1.3.1+2
  [781609d7] GMP_jll v6.3.0+2
  [deac9b47] LibCURL_jll v8.15.0+0
  [e37daf67] LibGit2_jll v1.9.0+0
  [29816b5a] LibSSH2_jll v1.11.3+1
  [14a3606d] MozillaCACerts_jll v2025.11.4
  [4536629a] OpenBLAS_jll v0.3.29+0
  [05823500] OpenLibm_jll v0.8.7+0
  [458c3c95] OpenSSL_jll v3.5.6+0
  [efcefdf7] PCRE2_jll v10.44.0+1
  [bea87d4a] SuiteSparse_jll v7.8.3+2
  [83775a58] Zlib_jll v1.3.1+2
  [8e850b90] libblastrampoline_jll v5.15.0+0
  [8e850ede] nghttp2_jll v1.64.0+1
  [3f19e933] p7zip_jll v17.7.0+0
Info Packages marked with ⌃ and ⌅ have new versions available. Those with ⌃ may be upgradable, but those with ⌅ are restricted by compatibility constraints from upgrading. To see why use `status --outdated -m`